NumPy ravel()

import numpy as np

array1 = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]])

# flatten an array
array2 = np.ravel(array1)

print(array2)

# Output: [0 1 2 3]

ravel() Syntax

The syntax of ravel() is:

numpy.ravel(array, order)

ravel() Arguments

The ravel() method takes two arguments:

• array - an original array that is to be flattened
• order (optional) - specifies the order in which the array elements are flattened

ravel() Return Value

The ravel() method returns the flattened array.

Example 1: Flatten a Multidimensional Array

import numpy as np

array1 = np.array([[[0, 1], [2, 3]], [[4, 5], [6, 7]]])

# flatten the array
array2 = np.ravel(array1)

print(array2)

Output

 [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7]

Using Optional Order Argument in ravel()

The order argument specifies the order in which the array elements are flattened.

The order can be:

• 'C' - flattens the elements row-wise (in C-style order)
• 'F' - flattens the elements column-wise (in Fortran-style order)
• 'A' - tries to preserve the original array's order, otherwise defaults to C-order.
• 'K' - flattens the elements in the order they occur in memory, and uses C-order by default.

import numpy as np

array1 = np.array([[[0, 1], [2, 3]],
                   [[4, 5], [6, 7]]])

# flatten the array row-wise
array2 = np.ravel(array1, order = 'C')

print("C:",array2)

# flatten the array column-wise
array3 = np.ravel(array1, order = 'F')

print("F:",array3)

# flatten the array to original array's order
array4 = np.ravel(array1, order = 'A')

print("A:",array2)

# flatten the array  in the order they occur in memory)
array5 = np.ravel(array1, order = 'K')

print("K:",array3)

Output

C: [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
F: [0 4 2 6 1 5 3 7]
A: [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
K: [0 4 2 6 1 5 3 7]

Difference Between Flatten and Ravel

The key differences between flatten() and ravel() are

• flatten() is an ndarray object method whereas ravel() is a library-level function. For example,

import numpy as np

array1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

# flatten is used as an array object
array2 = array1.flatten()

# ravel is used as a library function
array3 = np.ravel(array1)

print(array2)
print(array3)

Output

[1 2 3 4]
[1 2 3 4]

• ravel() works with a list of arrays, but flatten() doesn't.

import numpy as np

# create a list of arrays
array1 = [np.array([1, 2]), np.array([3, 4])]

# use ravel with a list of arrays
raveled_arr_list = np.ravel(array1)

print(raveled_arr_list)

# using flatten with a list of arrays
# raises an error
flattened_arr_list = array1.flatten()

print(flattened_arr_list) 

Output

[1 2 3 4]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 13, in <module>
ERROR!
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'flatten'

• flatten() always returns a copy of the original array whereas ravel() makes a copy only when necessary.

To learn more, visit NumPy flatten().