📚 Secondary
| CBSE • Mathematics

Polynomials

Zeros of a polynomial, relationship between zeros and coefficients, division algorithm.

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Polynomials — MCQ Practice

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Polynomials — Lesson

1) Hook — The Magic of Polynomial Patterns in Indian Rangoli

Imagine you are creating a beautiful Rangoli design during Diwali. You start with a small square pattern and then add layers around it, increasing the size each time. The total number of dots or tiles used can be expressed using a mathematical expression called a polynomial. Just like these patterns grow step-by-step, polynomials help us describe quantities that change in a regular way.

2) Core Concepts — Understanding Polynomials

A polynomial is an algebraic expression made up of variables and coefficients, involving only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponents of variables.

General form of a polynomial in one variable x:

P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a1x + a0

where an, an-1, ..., a0 are constants and n is a non-negative integer.

Examples of Polynomials:
Expression Is it a Polynomial? Reason
3x2 + 5x - 7 Yes Exponents are non-negative integers
4x3 - 2/x + 1 No Term 2 has negative exponent (-1)
7y0 + 2y Yes y0 = 1, valid polynomial
Degree of a Polynomial:

The degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable in the expression.

Example: For 5x4 - 3x2 + x - 9, degree = 4.

3) Key Formulas/Rules

Polynomial Addition/Subtraction:

Add or subtract coefficients of like terms (same power of variable).

(anxn + ... + a0) ± (bnxn + ... + b0) = (an ± bn)xn + ... + (a0 ± b0)

Polynomial Multiplication:

Multiply each term of one polynomial by every term of the other and combine like terms.

Special Products:

  • (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
  • (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
  • (a + b)(a - b) = a2 - b2

Zero of a Polynomial:

If P(x) is a polynomial, then x = α is called a zero of the polynomial if P(α) = 0.

4) Did You Know?

Polynomials are not just abstract math! The famous Indian mathematician Bhāskara II (12th century) used polynomial-like expressions to solve problems in astronomy and algebra. Polynomial equations are also the foundation for computer graphics, coding theory, and even designing Indian classical music patterns!

5) Exam Tips — Score High with These Pointers

  • Always write terms in descending order of powers. This helps avoid confusion and errors.
  • Check exponents carefully. Negative or fractional powers mean the expression is not a polynomial.
  • When adding or subtracting, combine only like terms. For example, 3x2 and 5x cannot be combined.
  • Practice special products formulas. They often appear in factorisation or expansion questions.
  • For zero of polynomial questions, substitute carefully. Even a small mistake can lead to wrong answers.
  • Board Exam Pattern: Expect questions on identifying polynomials, degree, addition/subtraction, multiplication, special products, and finding zeros. Some questions may be multiple-choice or short answer.
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