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Lesson
Electricity — Complete NCERT Lesson
? Electric Charge and Current
Electric current is the flow of electric charges (electrons) through a conductor. Current is measured in Amperes (A) using an ammeter.
I = Q/t (Current = Charge / Time)
?? Electric Potential and Potential Difference
Potential difference (V) is the work done per unit charge to move a charge from one point to another. Measured in Volts (V) using a voltmeter.
V = W/Q (Voltage = Work / Charge)
?? Ohm's Law
At constant temperature: V ? I, so V = IR
V = I × R
Voltage = Current × Resistance
?? Series and Parallel Circuits
| Property | Series | Parallel |
|---|---|---|
| Current | Same through all | Different in each branch |
| Voltage | Divides across resistors | Same across each branch |
| Total Resistance | R = R1+R2+R3... | 1/R = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 |
| If one bulb fuses | All go off | Others still work |
?? Real Life Connection: Your home is wired in parallel so that if one appliance fails, others still work. Series circuits are used in fairy lights (which is why one faulty bulb can turn off all lights!).
?? Heating Effect of Electric Current
When current flows through a resistor, electrical energy converts to heat. This is described by Joule's Law:
H = I²Rt (Heat = Current² × Resistance × Time)
Applications: electric heater, electric iron, toaster, fuse wire.
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MCQ Practice
Electricity — MCQ Practice
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